Senegal - 52.61

93

Rectifying the West African Condition

Senegal is one of the more promising countries in the world. Boasting a strong democracy and a rapidly developing economy despite its position in a highly unstable region, Senegal is poised for development. Additionally, Senegal sees significantly lower levels of corruption than most of its neighbors. That is not to say that there is nothing concerning to note, however. Three major opposition figures face charges of varying credibility. Senegal has some of the worst prison conditions in the world. Police brutality is generally tolerated. Further, Senegal is a highly socially conservative country. Homosexuality is illegal (though this law goes generally unenforced) and Senegal is one of the few countries on Earth to criminalize abortion under all circumstances. Senegal also struggles with a low-level insurgency in the Casamance region, the part of Senegal that lies to the South of the Gambia. Ultimately, however, Senegal has the stability and governmental competency to overcome these issues and develop into a West African powerhouse in the coming years.

Human Rights - 46

Senegal has fully abolished the death penalty. Harsh treatment of pre-trial detainees was rampant but it seldom amounted to torture. Pre-trial detainees were forced to sleep on bare floors and were often subjected to lengthy interrogations. Torture of detainees was also not uncommon. Detainees were sometimes beaten with batons or intentionally sleep-deprived. Impunity for torture was generally high and confessions obtained under duress were not always thrown out of court. Prison conditions are horrible. Prisons were at nearly double capacity throughout the year. Prisoners lacked adequate access to food, water, sanitation, ventilation, and medical facilities. The government made no special accommodations for babies born in prison. They are held with their mothers until the age of one in regular holding. The government failed to respond to endemic insect infestations in several prisons. The government failed to guarantee access adequate access to legal counsel. Most Senegalese cannot afford a lawyer and the government failed to guarantee access to public defenders. Judicial independence, while institutionally intact, was hampered by a lack of access to legal counsel. Bail was arbitrarily applied. Probable cause is ill-defined under Senegalese law. If a crime is “flagrantly committed” then suspects may be arrested without a warrant. Probable cause is often abused and cases are seldom thrown out of court. Defamation is a criminal offense. The 2018 Code on Electronic Communications criminalizes the dissemination of false information via the Internet. The government is quick to ban demonstrations during times of unrest. Permits to protest must be obtained from the Ministry of the Interior in advance. The process to obtain these permits was sometimes stringent. Homosexuality is illegal but this law is unenforced. Abortion is absolutely illegal.

Democracy - 65

The president is directly elected. A constitutional referendum shortened terms from seven years to five, effective in 2019 for President Macky Sall’s second term. He served a full seven-year first term. The National Assembly is directly elected. Elections are generally free and fair. After biometric identification cards were only issued to 70% of registered voters by the 2019 elections, President Sall approved the use of other forms of identification for the 2019 elections. Three major opposition figures face charges of varying credibility. Khalifa Sall and Karim Wade were both banned from the 2019 elections on corruption charges, and Ousmane Sonko faces dubious rape charges. The latter of these charges sparked mass protests surrounding the credibility of said charges. K. Sall and Wade are both ostensibly corrupt but so are many other Senegalese politicians; it has been argued that these charges were applied selectively. Senegal has a strong multi-party system. Campaign finance laws are not enforced and the incumbent regularly misuses state funds for campaigns.

Freedom - 69

Defamation is a criminal offense. Despite this, Senegal’s media landscape is generally vibrant and diverse. The 2018 Code on Electronic Communications criminalizes the dissemination of false information via the Internet. The government is quick to ban demonstrations during times of unrest. Permits to protest must be obtained from the Ministry of the Interior in advance. The process to obtain these permits was sometimes stringent. The rights of Senegal’s small Muslim minority are protected and Senegal guarantees freedom of religion. The government is known to occasionally detain and question people for social media posts deemed offensive by the government. Senegal generally struggles to enforce its drug laws and is a major part of the African Cocaine Run. Senegal may issue gun ownership licenses for semi-automatic rifles and handguns.

Economy - 30

Health - 38

Senegal has a life expectancy of 69 years and an infant mortality rate of 3.29%. 8.8% of Senegalese are obese and 9% are malnourished. Senegal’s universal healthcare system covers children, the elderly, and pregnant women for free. Healthcare is of generally high-quality outside of the Casamance. 71.3% of Senegalese have access to clean, running water. Senegal has major problems with mosquito-borne tropical diseases (namely malaria). Senegal also struggles with HIV/AIDS.

Corruption - 41

The Senegalese judicial system is ostensibly less corrupt than other countries in the region. However, judicial independence is undermined by the fact that legal counsel is often not guaranteed. Rates of police corruption in Senegal are generally low. Public services sometimes must be bribed into action. Titles and deeds are impossible to obtain without corruption. Senegalese tax administration regularly exports bribes. Senegal’s borders are highly porous. Bribes can get virtually anything in and out of Senegal. Public contracts are impossible to obtain without corruption.

Competency - 53

The government is failing to provide for the people. The government is failing to control disease, as malaria remains rampant in Senegal. Poverty remains at a very high level in Senegal. Senegalese prisons are some of the worst managed in the world.

Future - 80

The Senegalese economy has been growing rapidly, even continuing to grow during COVID. Senegal continues to manage one of the most stable democracies in West Africa.

Actions Abroad - 76

Senegal is heavily supportive of the Gambia, which it provides significant military aid. Senegal has also helped administer elections in the Gambia. Senegal has championed Black rights in key ally Mauritania, though Senegal’s continued support of Black rights has caused a split between the two countries. Senegal is a major part of the African Cocaine Run. Senegal is generally isolationist outside West Africa and maintains good relations with most nations.

28% of Senegalese live below the international poverty line and 46.7% live below the national poverty line. 7.1% of Senegalese are unemployed. Senegal has a low economic disparity. Senegal has a minimum wage of $0.34 per hour. Senegal has a decent semi-universal healthcare system as children, the elderly, and pregnant women are all covered for free. Healthcare is of generally solid quality North of the Gambia and generally poor quality in the Casamance. The Senegalese economy grew 1.3% in 2020 and 4.4% in 2019.